{"id":8726,"date":"2023-05-17T08:26:05","date_gmt":"2023-05-17T12:26:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/?p=8726"},"modified":"2023-05-17T08:29:11","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T12:29:11","slug":"spring-pistachio-assessment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/2023\/05\/spring-pistachio-assessment\/","title":{"rendered":"Spring Pistachio Assessment"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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By Derek Toschi, CCA, CAIS<\/p>


With a cooler spring and wet winter, the 2023 California pistachio crop faces different challenges than previous years. \u00a0The cooler weather has delayed the crop in many parts of the state and the March rain kept soil saturated longer into the season and lowered early season irrigation requirements.\u00a0 Irrigation timing during the spring has been very important to avoid bloom drop and maximize early season root and vegetative growth.\u00a0 Now with the crop continuing hull expansion, as of mid-May, pistachio growers will need to optimize their irrigation strategies to get the most of this year\u2019s crop.\u00a0 In this post we are going to be assessing the irrigation needs of this year\u2019s crop in two different situations and discuss irrigation tips going forward.<\/p>

First, let\u2019s look at a pistachio crop that is further along than much of the state.\u00a0 These are Golden Hills near Coalinga, an area that routinely has an earlier crop.\u00a0 This field uses a single drip hose with 3 emitters per tree which allows them to push salts away from the trees which is a big issue with the groundwater in this area.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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This crop came out of bloom with a very strong water demand.\u00a0 We were applying 24 hours every week coming out of bloom to continually rehydrate the top 24\u201d of soil where soil tension was rising quickly through the blue band between irrigations.\u00a0 The 24-hour applications weren\u2019t percolating through this heavy clay soil and the soil tension at 36\u201d continued to rise.\u00a0 To replenish the soil moisture deficit at 36\u201d, a 48-hour application was mixed in early May which percolated vertically past 36\u201d and soil tension at 36\u201d and 48\u201d dropped back into the blue band, below 40 kPa.\u00a0 As the leaves continued to expand and the crop is requiring more water, this field is now receiving two applications per week but is still receiving mostly 24-hour applications to manage soil tension in the more active top 24\u201d soil horizon.\u00a0 48-hour applications will be mixed in over the next several weeks during shell hardening to replenish the soil moisture deficit at 36\u201d and bring soil tension back below 40 kPa.\u00a0 Right now, water demand isn\u2019t high enough to warrant 48-hour applications every time its irrigated.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Next let\u2019s look at a very different situation in a Golden Hills field west of Firebaugh.\u00a0 This crop is later than normal and water demand post bloom has been very slow.\u00a0 This field has very heavy soil next to a sump with a high-water table.\u00a0 This field is also irrigated with a single hose and has the same emitters as the last field we looked at.\u00a0 A few short applications were run during bloom for fertilizer but outside of those early applications the water was left off as the soil tension was much too low even as weather was warmer up and the leaves were expanding.\u00a0 This is a field where soil tension is rising much slower than normal for this time of year.\u00a0 The heavy spring rain contributes to this but also this very heavy soil needed a long time to dry out.\u00a0 We waited until the soil tension at 12\u201d climbed through the blue band before our first application with clean water on May 7th<\/sup>.\u00a0 The 8-hour application percolated quickly and moved past 24\u201d because the soil was already hydrated and less pore space needed to be refilled.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The recommendation for this field is to irrigate less than the calculated ET and allow the soil tension at 12\u201d and 24\u201d rise through the blue band to 40 kPa before the next application.\u00a0 Right now, we are only planning on running one 8-hour application per week to allow oxygen into the rootzone between applications.\u00a0<\/p>

Going into shell-hardening, this is a field we could apply a regulated irrigation deficit because we would be able to catch up before nut-fill due to the quick water percolation and already very wet soil past 24\u201d.<\/p>

Shell-hardening Irrigation Tips:<\/p>

A common irrigation practice in pistachios is applying a mild irrigation deficit during shell-hardening.\u00a0 Shell-hardening usually starts in mid to late May and lasts through June.\u00a0 This is a period where the hulls have finished growing and the shell begins to lignify before kernel-fill.\u00a0 Research from the universities has suggested a mild irrigation deficit during this period can save water and not impact yield.\u00a0 I\u2019ve found this to be mostly the case in practice as well, but I don\u2019t recommend an irrigation deficit for every pistachio field.<\/p>

  1. Avoid a regulated deficit irrigation strategy in multi-set irrigation systems.<\/li><\/ol>
    • In fields that are irrigated in 3 or more sets, I\u2019ve found applying an irrigation deficit during shell hardening to be a challenge because it takes too much time to catch up each irrigation set prior to nut-fill.<\/li><\/ul>
      1. Fields with good water infiltration and percolation are good candidates for a mild irrigation deficit.<\/li><\/ol>
        • Fields with uniform soils that have very quick water percolation vertically can be caught up quite easily following a mild irrigation deficit. For these fields I recommend keeping the length of irrigations the same but adding an extra day between applications.<\/li><\/ul>
          1. Some mild stress is okay, a lot of stress is not.<\/li><\/ol>
            • The emphasis here is on \u2018mild\u2019. This would be only waiting an extra day between irrigations or allowing the soil tension to rise 50 kPa more than you normally would.\u00a0 If your field is above 100 kPa for long periods of time, this is not a mild stress.<\/li><\/ul>
              1. If your trees are already under stress, applying more stress is not recommended.<\/li><\/ol>
                • If you are already having difficulty in dropping the soil tension below 40 kPa or issues with slow water infiltration, adding more stress is not recommended.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                  By Derek Toschi, CCA, CAIS With a cooler spring and wet winter, the 2023 California pistachio crop faces different challenges than previous years. \u00a0The cooler weather has delayed the crop in many parts of the state and the March rain kept soil saturated longer into the season and lowered early season irrigation requirements.\u00a0 Irrigation timing […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":8727,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[66,140,60,67,73],"class_list":["post-8726","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-irrigation","tag-irrigation-management","tag-pistachios","tag-soil_tension","tag-water_efficiency"],"yoast_head":"\nSpring Pistachio Assessment - Hortau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The 2023 California pistachio crop is facing unique challenges due to a cooler spring and a wet winter. The crop has been delayed in various regions, and prolonged soil saturation from March rain has reduced early season irrigation needs. Timely irrigation during spring has become crucial to prevent bloom drop and enhance root and vegetative growth. As of mid-May, with hull expansion ongoing, pistachio growers must optimize their irrigation strategies to maximize the yield of this year's crop. 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This post will evaluate irrigation requirements in two scenarios and provide irrigation tips for the future.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/2023\/05\/spring-pistachio-assessment\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"fr-FR","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/2023\/05\/spring-pistachio-assessment\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/2023\/05\/spring-pistachio-assessment\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Pistachio.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Pistachio.png","width":620,"height":822},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/2023\/05\/spring-pistachio-assessment\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Spring Pistachio Assessment"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#website","url":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/","name":"Hortau","description":"Irrigation Management","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"fr-FR"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#organization","name":"Hortau","url":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/logo.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/logo.png","width":500,"height":500,"caption":"Hortau"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/hortau","https:\/\/x.com\/Hortau","https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/hortau\/","https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/company\/hortau\/","https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/user\/HortauIrrigation"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/279ce6e5cecea050126133f0941b5dc6","name":"Hortau Grower Support Team","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"fr-FR","@id":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/15fd6fd9d4c0fe5092ed53a0146315dfefc8da412337318af0a5fba26f36e82a?s=96&d=retro&r=g","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/15fd6fd9d4c0fe5092ed53a0146315dfefc8da412337318af0a5fba26f36e82a?s=96&d=retro&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/15fd6fd9d4c0fe5092ed53a0146315dfefc8da412337318af0a5fba26f36e82a?s=96&d=retro&r=g","caption":"Hortau Grower Support Team"},"url":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/author\/hortau-grower-support-team\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8726","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8726"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8726\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8739,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8726\/revisions\/8739"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8727"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8726"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8726"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hortau.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8726"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}